This project will be conducted to identify the major users and stakeholders of the rivers in the Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), and document how the traditions or practices of these riparian communities on resource-use and conservation impact riverine biodiversity.  In particular, the role and participation of women in the array of activities in artisanal fisheries, and in transmission of indigenous knowledge related to conservation will be documented. The location of riparian communities in the SINP will be mapped using available data from government agencies and LGUs, and through transect walks, and boat and aerial surveys.  Unstructured and structured interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews (KII), direct observation/immersion will be conducted to gather information on fishing practices, gears, crafts, and local ecological knowledge (LEK) related to traditional fisheries and river biodiversity conservation and utilization. Data gathered will be validated using the DELPHI technique, and will be correlated to ecological data from Projects 1,2, 3 and 5.  The information that will be generated over two years will be useful in developing holistic approaches and strategies on poverty alleviation, riverine resource management, and biodiversity conservation. These efforts are necessary and urgent not only to safeguard riverine biodiversity, but also to avoid the transformation or loss of the knowledge systems of riparian communities and arisanal fishers who are largely dependent on the rivers of the SINP for survival.